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Why China is carrying out construction at Lingyang Jiao: Experts cite sovereignty, livelihoods and public services_我的网站

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    Aerial view of Lingyang Jiao Photo: XinhuaSome foreign media have recently renewed hypes over China's construction at Lingyang Jiao in the Xisha Qundao (Xisha Islands), claiming that the completed first phase could become part of China's "largest military base" in the region.
China has firmly rejected such hypes. "Xisha Qundao is China's inherent territory, over which there is no dispute. Necessary construction on our own territory is aimed at improving living and working conditions on the islands and growing the local economy," said Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Lin Jian at a regular press conference on March 23.
Despite that clear explanation, some foreign media outlets continued to point their finger at the Chinese reef. Why is China carrying out construction at Lingyang Jiao, and why do external parties have no grounds to reproach? Chinese experts recently spoke with the Global Times about the history, purpose and legal basis of the construction on the reef.
Indisputable sovereignty
Lingyang Jiao, whose name comes from its resemblance to an antelope horn, lies on the western side of Yongle Atoll in the Xisha Qundao, about 89 kilometers from Yongxing Island and 6.5 kilometers from Jinyin Island. The reef stretches six kilometers from north to south, measures about 3.5 kilometers at its widest point and covers roughly 15 square kilometers.
The reef, also traditionally known among Chinese fishermen as Kuangzai or Quanzai, is administered by the city of Sansha in South China's Hainan Province.
"Lingyang Jiao is an inherent part of China's territory. Fishermen from Hainan sailed there to fish as early as the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties," Xu Xiaodong, a vice chairman of the Huayang Center for Maritime Cooperation and Ocean Governance, told the Global Times on March 23.
In 1935, the then-Chinese government included the reef in its bilingual list of South China Sea island names. Its name was reviewed again in a corresponding list issued by the then ministry of the interior in 1947 and has remained in use ever since, Xu said.
During the 1974 Xisha self-defense counterattack, the South Vietnamese warship Nhat Tao was sunk in waters near Lingyang Jiao. Xu said these facts demonstrate the Chinese government's determination and actions to safeguard its sovereignty over the Xisha Qundao, including Lingyang Jiao.
Lei Xiaolu, a professor at Wuhan University China Institute of Boundary and Ocean Studies, said that China was the first country to discover, develop and administer the Xisha Qundao. Successive Chinese governments have continuously exercised jurisdiction over the islands, including Lingyang Jiao, forming a clear historical record.
France recognized China's sovereignty over the Xisha Qundao in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Lei said. When France attempted to occupy the Xisha Qundao in 1931 and nine islands and reefs in the Nansha Qundao in 1933, the Chinese government immediately protested and reaffirmed its sovereignty.
Numerous official documents from that period clearly placed the Dongsha, Xisha, Zhongsha and Nansha Qundao within Chinese territory, such as a 1935 map of the South China Sea islands, a brief chorography of the South China Sea islands in 1947, a comparison table of their old and new names, and a location map bearing the South China Sea dash line. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese government continued to exercise sovereignty over the Xisha Qundao. 
"Lingyang Jiao is part of China's Xisha Qundao. The Chinese government has repeatedly made clear that China has indisputable sovereignty over the Xisha Qundao," Lei said.
Construction to improve living
Previously published aerial images have shown Lingyang Jiao's distinctive ring-shaped lagoon, but its natural beauty long contrasted with the rudimentary living conditions faced by local fishermen.
According to the official website of the Sansha city government, the reef was once almost entirely barren, with little vegetation. Fishermen lived two or three to a coral-stone hut measuring only three or four square meters.
For a long period, a single diesel generator was used to supply electricity on the reef, providing power only between 7 pm and 11 pm. Fresh water had to be carried from vessels arriving from Hainan Island, while typhoons posed a constant threat to residents and their homes.
Construction of a fishermen's settlement was put on the agenda in 2012. However, the complex topography and hydrological conditions around the reef prevented large vessels from approaching, forcing workers to carry construction materials ashore by hand. 
After years of development, Lingyang Jiao now has basic infrastructure including a desalination facility and a power station. Its navigation channel has been dredged and opened, and a fishermen's settlement has been completed. 
Xu said the current construction serves at least two purposes: The first is to provide more and better public services.
Lingyang Jiao lies on the outer edge of the Yongle Islands, surrounded by some of the most difficult navigational waters in the Xisha Qundao. In 2015, the Chinese government built and activated a lighthouse there to provide navigation services for passing vessels.
"Further construction can provide stronger infrastructure support for maritime search and rescue, disaster prevention and mitigation, and help ensure navigational safety in the South China Sea," Xu said.
The construction will also further improve local residents' living conditions. Transport difficulties have long left the reef short of essential supplies, while typhoons have repeatedly caused serious damage to housing. The construction can better meet fishermen's needs for water, electricity, secure housing and employment, Xu noted.
"Fishermen working in the South China Sea have long faced extremely harsh conditions. Far from shore, they spent weeks exposed to intense sunlight, strong winds, heavy rain and sudden typhoons, often without a safe place to rest or repair their boats," Ding Duo, director of the Research Center for International and Regional Issues at the National Institute for South China Sea Studies, told the Global Times on Wednesday.
Ding said the construction is intended to improve the living standards of Chinese fishermen and represents a direct result of China's people-centered development philosophy. 
"China now has the capacity and resources to develop infrastructure at Lingyang Jiao. Doing so is both feasible and responsible, and responds to the long-standing needs of fishermen who have depended on these waters for their livelihoods for centuries," Ding said. 
Besides, ecological protection has remained a prerequisite for production and construction on the reef. In 2019, a research team led by Professor Xie Qiang from Sun Yat-sen University School of Life Sciences discovered a new marine insect species at Lingyang Jiao and named it after the reef.
It was China's first discovery of a strictly marine insect group at the family level within its territory and territorial waters, filling a gap in the country's scientific records. 
"China's land reclamation and construction activities are conducted in strict accordance with laws, regulations and ecological standards," Xu said. "Through technological innovation and systematic governance, China has balanced ecological protection with resource utilization. The results of environmental protection at Lingyang Jiao and in its surrounding waters are clearly visible," Xu said.
No room for external interference
China's construction at Lingyang Jiao has drawn persistent attention from some foreign media. Since January, outlets including Newsweek have used satellite images to hype the project.
The US-based Center for Strategic and International Studies recently claimed that the reclaimed area at Lingyang Jiao had surpassed that of Yongxing Island and was approaching the size of Meiji Jiao, China's largest island reef in the South China Sea.
A Reuters report published on Wednesday went further, claiming that Lingyang Jiao could be one of the Chinese military's most important features in the South China Sea. It speculated that the reef could host surveillance facilities or support nuclear-powered submarines to strengthen "China's military presence around key waterways." 
Ding rejected this accusation, saying that as a permanent member of the UN Security Council, China conducts construction on islands and reefs in the South China Sea strictly within the framework of international law.
"The construction at Lingyang Jiao is peaceful in nature and serves the public. It is intended to better safeguard national territory while providing practical assistance to people and vessels operating in the South China Sea," Ding said.
Ding said improved infrastructure at Lingyang Jiao would bring broader benefits to the region by strengthening China's capacity to provide public services. These include more accurate weather forecasting, faster and more efficient emergency rescue, broader marine scientific research and stronger safety support for the South China Sea's busy international shipping routes.
"China's construction can provide more international public goods and help reduce risks for merchant ships, fishing vessels and other maritime activities," Ding said. "It is not militarization, but an effort aimed at safeguarding peace and stability. The tendency to view everything China does as military in purpose reflects the dark geopolitical mentality of the West."
Xu said China's land reclamation and construction activities also have a solid basis in international law. China ratified the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1996 and, under the convention, has the right to conduct construction on islands and reefs within its own territorial waters without seeking the consent or approval of any other country.
"The Xisha Qundao have been Chinese territory since ancient times. Lingyang Jiao has long been a place where Chinese fishermen live and work, and it also carries the history of the Maritime Silk Road," Xu said.
Both history and present-day reality demonstrate China's indisputable sovereignty over the South China Sea islands, including the Xisha Qundao, Xu noted. The waters surrounding the Xisha Qundao are under China's effective administration, making land reclamation and construction at Lingyang Jiao normal activities within China's sovereign jurisdiction.
Objections from external parties are inconsistent with China's long-standing administration of the South China Sea islands and have no basis in international law or international rules, Xu said. No country has the right to interfere in China's construction activities at Lingyang Jiao.
。    持续了两年的AI硬件狂欢，终于进入了下半场。

B |          2026年7月17日，工信部牵头的《人工智能终端智能化分级》系列国家标准首次公布测试结果，覆盖移动终端、微型计算机、电视、眼镜、汽车座舱、音箱六大品类，17家企业的66款产品通过L3辅助级认证。         手机品类的名单没有悬念，华为、小米、OPPO、vivo、荣耀、摩托罗拉、联想、智跃星辰，八大厂商共11款机型全部达到L3，主流手机品牌在AI能力上实现了全员入围，无人缺席。

C |          图源：《人工智能终端智能化分级》          除手机外，66款L3产品中，微型计算机独揽41款，电视9款，汽车座舱3款，眼镜和音箱各1款。部分眼镜、耳机仍停留在L2工具级。从数量来看，AI终端智能化进程出现了明显的品类阶梯：PC领跑，手机紧随其后，穿戴设备仍在追赶。         雷科技（ID：leitech）认为，随着分级标准的落地，AI硬件狂欢正式进入下半场。

D |          华米OV耀喜提L3，代表当前最高水平          先简单跟大家说说L1-L4的区别，以及为什么L5没有在分级名单中。         L1 被称为响应级，终端仅具备被动响应能力，执行预设指令，如语音唤醒等，没有AI加持的Siri大概就是这个级别。L2 被称为工具级，终端可调用工具完成特定任务，初步具备场景感知能力，不过，在这个阶段用户指令仍需精确表述，模糊意图会导致执行失败，目前部分AI穿戴设备处于这一水平。         L3 是当前标准体系中有明确定义的最高等级，也叫辅助级。能实现复杂意图理解与主动澄清、任务自动分解与工作流编排、多工具动态调用与分布式任务协同、跨模态内容生成，以及短期和长期记忆能力。         图片来源：豆包          L4 是协同级，指向跨设备自主协同与主动场景感知，不过，现在对于L4的标准尚未完全明确，未来将随产业发展逐步完善。         值得注意的是，早期电信终端产业协会的《终端智能化分级研究报告》曾提出L5级别，即AI在感知和规划完成后，直接代为执行支付与下单操作，无需用户确认，但这一等级最终未被纳入国标。         原因在于主动服务的边界难以界定：比如当你对一款显卡犹豫不决时，AI直接帮你下单，那用户的数据安全与财务风险可能会失控。因此最终决策权应当保留在人类手中，原定的L5标准也可以看成是AI硬件的进化边界，可以辅助，但不能替代。         总而言之，目前L3代表的就是当前量产AI终端的真实技术水位，L4尚处于工程验证与标准讨论阶段。         从各家技术路线来看，华为搭载的小艺伴随式AI，强调端侧优先处理与隐私保护，能够在用户授权下主动提供服务而非被动等待唤醒；小米基于自研MiMo端侧大模型构建Xiaomi miclaw智能体，宣称可调用超过50项系统工具，支持跨应用、跨设备的多步骤任务编排；荣耀的YOYO智能体、vivo的蓝心大模型、OPPO的安第斯大模型，各自在端侧推理和多模态交互上投入了可观的研发资源。         图片来源：Android Central          但上述所有技术储备，目前的上限就是L3。这并非某一家厂商的问题，而是整个产业面临的技术性难题，端侧算力密度、模型推理效率、多Agent协同框架的成熟度，共同构成了L3到L4之间的技术壁垒。         巧的是，L4所指向的跨设备自主协同，恰好是各厂商发布会上反复描绘的未来图景，比如小米的人车家全生态、华为的1+8+N，框架早已搭建完成，但产品层面的实现尚需时日。         L3到L4两者之间的距离，就是AI终端产业未来三到五年的核心竞争区间。         PC拿下41款L3认证，白牌可能面临淘汰          让我们再回到《人工智能终端智能化分级》中，除手机外，其他品类也值得说道。         PC品类总共41款，相比其他有着压倒性的优势，主要原因是联想等厂商拥有完整的商用产品线和庞大的SKU矩阵，比如仅联想一家就贡献了37款AI PC，此外PC天然具备大算力芯片、充足散热空间和成熟的操作系统生态，是端侧大模型部署的最优载体之一。         科大讯飞副总裁娄超在WAIC现场也下了类似的判断：“PC一头连接国产算力、操作系统、大模型等技术创新，一头连接政务、教育、医疗和企业办公等实际需求，是推动AI终端产业发展的重要载体。

E | ”          图源：雷科技摄制          手机的挑战在于功耗比和散热，在手掌大小的空间内运行端侧大模型，对芯片能效比提出了极高要求。         同样受限于空间体积的还有穿戴设备品类，一副AI眼镜的目标重量通常控制在40至80克，在这一约束下能容纳的芯片算力、电池续航和散热能力都极其有限。目前行业主流的解决方案是端侧采集+云端/手机端处理的架构：眼镜负责语音收音、图像采集和交互入口，核心AI任务卸载至手机或云端完成。

F |          但这不意味着AI眼镜的智能化进程滞后于市场需求。

G | 恰恰相反，AI眼镜是2026年增长最快的消费电子品类之一，IDC数据显示，2026年一季度全球出货量达356.6万台，同比增长130.1%。         用户对AI眼镜的接受度也比其他AI硬件高，据新华网报道，2026年春节期间，深圳华强北AI眼镜销量较平日激增70%至80%，经销商数量从零增至上百家，小雷此前去华强北也印证了这一点。         图片来源：千问          随着端侧AI芯片在能效比上的持续突破，以及MicroLED+光波导显示技术的成熟，眼镜品类从L2跨越到L3只是时间上的问题，节奏虽然有先后，但方向无差别。         可能AI分级对产业格局真正的冲击，是以华强北为代表的白牌AI硬件生态。         从家电圈能效等级的二十年历史来看，当分级标签成为消费者购买决策的核心依据，渠道体系会自发完成出清，电商平台和线下卖场没有动力让L2产品与L3产品同台竞争，白牌们可能要思考下一步该去向何方了。

H |          标准画了一条线，但AI的想象力可以越界          当然，硬币也有另一面，L1到L4的分级框架下，相当于行业已经定义好了什么叫“智能”，你想达到L3，那就必须符合理解意图、拆解任务、多模态交互、持续记忆这些特征，不符合的就是L2甚至L1。         这套逻辑拿来衡量手机和PC，没问题，但AI硬件的想象力肯定远不止手机和PC。         回想一下过去两年那些不太像传统终端的AI产品，比如昙花一现的AI Pin，试图用激光投影取代屏幕，靠语音和手势完成所有交互；Rabbit R1用一个大模型操作APP的思路重新定义了什么叫用手机，虽然体验翻车，但这股探索的劲值得鼓励。         如果按现有的L1-L4标准来打分，这些产品大概率连L2都勉强，它们根本没有调用系统工具的框架，也不追求跨模态生成，它们探索的恰好是标准框架之外的可能性。         （图源：AI PIN/Humane）          不是小雷抬杠哈，标准天然是后验的，它总结的肯定是已经做出来的，但未来应该做什么，可能出现什么，都是未知数。         举个例子，2007年如果有人给智能手机下个标准，大概率会把全键盘、触控笔、物理导航键写进去，然后说没有这些不算智能。         但iPhone用一块玻璃屏幕把所有这些定义全推翻了，AI终端现在正处在类似的节点上，技术路线远未收敛，产品形态还在试错。这时候用一套固定框架把所有产品装进四个格子里，装不进去的东西是不合格还是不在框架内？这两个说法之间的差距，就是品牌们可能会踩到的坑。         反过来说，没有标准也不行，过去两年“AI”标签被用滥了，从九块九的玩具到旗舰手机，什么东西都敢叫AI，分级至少让市场有了一个公认的标准，不至于人人AI。         如果未来L4、L5的标准修订能跟得上技术演进速度，新品类能及时被纳入分级框架，那它就是助推器。反过来，如果标准五年修订一次、品类列表十年不变，那它迟早变成一堵墙。         说到底，《人工智能终端智能化分级》开了一个好头，但能不能保持开放性，让下一批AI Pin和Rabbit R1在诞生时，不至于直接被贴上不合格的标签，这才是衡量这套标准格局的终极考题。         总而言之，这是中国AI硬件交出的第一份标准化答卷，但从目前来看，这份答卷的意义不在于分数本身，而在于它把“智能”从一个形容词变成了量化指标，从此以后，发布会上敢说自己AI领先的厂商，得先过标准这一关。         但大家也不必把标准当终点，PC和手机领跑L3，穿戴设备在追赶，品类之间的节奏差需要时间熨平，而标准框架本身的开放性，能不能接纳手机和PC之外的新物种，能不能在技术突变时快速迭代，决定了它是天花板还是起跑线。

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